Clinical effects of island posterior femoral composite tissue flaps in the repair of sinus cavity pressure ulcers in the areas of ischial tuberosity and greater trochanter / 中华烧伤杂志

Objective: To explore the clinical effects of island posterior femoral composite tissue flaps in the repair of sinus cavity pressure ulcers in the areas of ischial tuberosity and greater trochanter. Methods: The retrospective observational study was conducted. From December 2018 to December 2021, 23 patients with sinus cavity pressure ulcers in the areas of ischial tuberosity and greater trochanter who met the inclusion criteria were admitted to Ganzhou People's Hospital, including 16 males and 7 females, aged 45 to 86 years. The size of pressure ulcers in ischial tuberosity ranged from 1.5 cm×1.0 cm to 8.0 cm×5.0 cm, and the size of pressure ulcers in greater trochanter ranged from 4.0 cm×3.0 cm to 20.0 cm×10.0 cm before debridement. After treatment of underlying diseases, debridement and vacuum sealing drainage for 5 to 14 days were performed. All the wounds were repaired by island posterior femoral composite tissue flaps, with area of 4.5 cm×3.0 cm-24.0 cm×12.0 cm, pedicle width of 3-5 cm, pedicle length of 5-8 cm, and rotation radius of 30-40 cm. Most of the donor site wounds were sutured directly, and only 4 donor site wounds were repaired by intermediate thickness skin graft from the contralateral thigh. The survival of composite tissue flaps, wound healing of the donor and recipient sites and the complications were observed. The recurrence of pressure ulcers, and the appearance and texture of flaps were observed during follow-up. Results: A total of 32 wounds in 23 patients were repaired by island posterior femoral composite tissue flaps (including 3 fascio subcutaneous flaps, 24 fascial flaps+fascio subcutaneous flaps, 2 fascial flaps+fascial dermal flaps, 2 fascial flaps+fascio subcutaneous flaps+femoral biceps flaps, and one fascial flap+fascio subcutaneous flap+gracilis muscle flap). Among them, 31 composite tissue flaps survived well, and a small portion of necrosis occurred in one fascial flap+fascio subcutaneous flap post surgery. The survival rate of composite tissue flap post surgery was 96.9% (31/32). Twenty-nine wounds in the recipient sites were healed, and 2 wounds were torn at the flap pedicle due to improper postural changes, and healed one week after bedside debridement. One wound was partially necrotic due to the flap bruising, and healed 10 days after re-debridement. Thirty-one wounds in the donor sites (including 4 skin graft areas) were healed, and one wound in the donor site was torn due to improper handling at discharge, and healed 15 days after re-debridement and suture. The complication rate was 12.5% (4/32), mainly the incision dehiscence of the flap pedicle and the donor sites (3 wounds), followed by venous congestion at the distal end of flap (one wound). During the follow-up of 3 to 24 months, the pressure ulcers did not recur and the flaps had good appearance and soft texture. Conclusions: The island posterior femoral composite tissue flaps has good blood circulation, large rotation radius, and sufficient tissue volume. It has a high survival rate, good wound healing, low skin grafting rate in the donor site, few postoperative complications, and good long-term effect in the repair of sinus cavity pressure ulcers in the areas of ischial tuberosity and greater trochanter.

Tratamento simultâneo de úlceras de pressão sacral e isquiática com retalho único: apresentação de um caso / Simultaneous treatment of sacral and ischial pressure ulcers with a single flap: case presentation

Úlceras de pressão são alterações da integridade da pele e tecidos subjacentes, causadas por pressão, mais usualmente sobre proeminências ósseas, especialmente em áreas desprovidas de sensibilidade, levando à necrose e ulceração. Dados da literatura internacional estimam que 3 a 14% dos pacientes hospitalizados desenvolvem úlceras de pressão. Descrevemos a correção simultânea de úlceras sacral e isquiática extensas em paciente paraplégico jovem utilizando retalho fasciomiocutâneo de glúteo máximo e de face posterior da coxa.

Pressure ulcers are alterations of the integrity of the skin and underlying tissues, caused by pressure, more commonly on bony prominences, especially in areas devoid of sensitivity, which lead to necrosis and ulceration. Data from the international literature estimate that 3­14% of hospitalized patients develop pressure ulcers. We herein describe the simultaneous correction of extensive sacral and ischial ulcers in a young paraplegic patient, using a gluteus maximus fasciomyocutaneous flap from the posterior aspect of the thigh.

Reconstrução mamária com loja de retalho retropeitoral superior e subcutâneo misto inferior / Breast reconstruction with creation of upper retropectoral and lower mixed subcutaneous cavities and use of flaps

Introdução: Segundo dados do Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA) de 2016, estima-se em 57.960 novos casos de câncer de mama no Brasil, o que corresponde a 25% dentre todos os tipos de cânceres no país (excluindo-se os tumores de pele não melanoma). O presente artigo visa apresentar uma forma de abordagem para as reconstruções mamárias imediatas com loja retropeitoral superior e subcutânea mista inferior. Métodos: Os autores descrevem da técnica de reconstrução mamária com retalho do músculo peitoral e pedículo cutâneo inferior, associado à inclusão de implante mamário de silicone. Foi realizada análise retrospectiva de prontuários das pacientes operadas entre os anos 2012 e 2016 no Serviço de Cirurgia Plástica da clínica privada do autor sênior, no Hospital Daher e no Hospital das Forças Armadas. Resultados: Os resultados são satisfatórios, com baixos índices de complicações e com satisfação elevada para os pacientes e os autores. Trinta e seis pacientes foram submetidas à reconstrução mamária com a técnica descrita, com média de idade de 59 anos. As complicações apresentadas foram necrose de complexo areolopapilar, deiscência, seroma, hematoma, liponecrose, deslocamento do implante e trombose venosa profunda. Nenhuma paciente teve necessidade de resgate da reconstrução ou apresentou recidiva da neoplasia mamária durante o período do estudo. Conclusão: Trata-se de técnica que preserva a pele da mama em sua parte inferior, com baixa possibilidade de deiscência ou extrusão do implante nesta região, proporcionando uma dupla proteção deste implante com o músculo peitoral maior nos dois terços superiores e o retalho cutâneo-dermogorduroso no terço inferior, caracterizando um "dual-plane".

Introduction: A total of 57,960 new cases of breast cancer were expected in Brazil in 2016 according to data from the National Cancer Institute, corresponding to 25% of cancers in the country (excluding non-melanoma skin tumors). This study aims at presenting a surgical approach for immediate breast reconstructions with upper retropectoral and lower mixed subcutaneous cavities. Methods: The authors performed breast reconstruction using flaps of the pectoral muscle and inferior cutaneous pedicle associated with insertion of silicone breast implants. The medical records of patients operated between 2012 and 2016 at the Plastic Surgery Service of the senior author's private clinic at Daher Hospital and Armed Forces Hospital were retrospectively analyzed. Results: The results were satisfactory, with low complication rates and high patient and author satisfaction. Thirty-six patients, with a mean age of 59 years, underwent breast reconstruction using the described technique. The complications were nipple-areola complex necrosis, dehiscence, seroma, hematoma, liponecrosis, implant displacement, and deep venous thrombosis. No patient needed salvage surgery or had recurrence of mammary neoplasia during the study period. Conclusion: The present technique preserves the skin located at the lower portion of the breast, with a low risk of dehiscence or extrusion of the implant in this region, providing a double protection of the implant, with the pectoralis major muscle in the upper two thirds and the cutaneous-dermis-fat flap in the lower third, characterizing a "dual-plane" positioning.

Opções de tratamento cirúrgico em lesões cutâneas por extravasamento acidental de drogas: experiência do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP / Surgical treatment of extravasation injuries: experience of the Hospital das Clínicas, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo

RESUMO Objetivo: relatar a experiência da Divisão de Cirurgia Plástica do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo no tratamento de lesões cutâneas por extravasamento acidental de drogas. Métodos: foram incluídos os pacientes com lesões por extravasamento de drogas num período de 18 meses. Os seguintes parâmetros foram avaliados retrospectivamente: idade, diagnósticos durante internação e comorbidades, níveis séricos de albumina e hemoglobina, local de internação, droga envolvida, segmento anatômico acometido, conduta terapêutica e óbito durante internação. Resultados: foram acompanhados 14 pacientes. A principal droga envolvida foi a noradrenalina (21%). Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a desbridamento da necrose tecidual. Três pacientes foram submetidos a retalhos após preparo do leito com terapia por pressão negativa, com bons resultados. Sete pacientes não tiveram tratamento definitivo de suas lesões por falta de condições clínicas. Conclusão: o tratamento definitivo por meio de retalhos se mostrou adequado para os casos de feridas por extravasamento de drogas em tecido subcutâneo, quando há exposição de estruturas nobres, em pacientes com condições clínicas favoráveis.

ABSTRACT Objective: to report the experience of the Division of Plastic Surgery of the Hospital das Clínicas of the Medical School of the University of São Paulo in the treatment of cutaneous lesions due to accidental extravasation of drugs. Methods: we included patients with lesions due to extravasation of drugs over a period of 18 months. We retrospectively evaluated the following parameters: age, diagnoses during hospitalization and comorbidities, serum levels of albumin and hemoglobin, place of hospitalization, drug involved, anatomic segment affected, therapeutic management and death during hospitalization. Results: we followed-up 14 patients. The main drug involved was noradrenaline (21%). All patients underwent debridement of tissue necrosis. Three patients were submitted to flaps after preparation of the wound bed with negative pressure therapy, with good results. Seven patients had no definitive treatment of their lesions due to lack of clinical conditions. Conclusion: in patients with favorable clinical conditions, the definitive treatment with flaps was adequate for cases of wounds due to extravasation of drugs in the subcutaneous tissue when there was exposure of noble structures.

Como evitar uma retração no meio da cicatriz horizontal e minimizar o risco de necrose nas abdominoplastias clássicas / How to avoid a retraction in the middle of the horizontal scar and minimize the risk of necrosis in the classic abdominoplasty

Introdução: Nas abdominoplastias clássicas, um resultado indesejado após o tracionamento do retalho abdominal é a ocorrência de uma retração suprapúbica, no meio da cicatriz horizontal quando esta coincide com o ponto superior da antiga cicatriz umbilical. Métodos: Foram avaliadas 45 pacientes submetidas à dermolipectomia abdominal associada à lipoaspiração de todo o abdome e flancos, com decorticação de uma área suprapúbica cerca de 5 cm acima da marcação inicial da linha de incisão, com posterior fixação na borda inferior do retalho abdominal. Resultados: Não foram observadas depressões ou necroses na região suprapúbica. Conclusão: Observamos, nos casos operados, que a presença de um coxim dermogorduroso na porção central da linha de sutura nas abdominoplastias clássicas, associada à reconstituição completa dos planos cirúrgicos e fixação deste coxim no retalho abdominal superior, evita a ocorrência de depressões nesta região, evita ocorrência de necroses e melhora a qualidade da cicatriz por redução da tensão de tração sobre os tecidos.

Introduction: In classic abdominoplasty, an undesirable result after abdominal flap traction is the occurrence of a suprapubic retraction in the middle of the horizontal scar when it coincides with the superior point of the old umbilical scar. Methods: Forty-five patients underwent abdominal dermolipectomy associated with liposuction of the entire abdomen and flanks, with decortication of the suprapubic area approximately 5 cm above the initial marking of the incision line, with posterior fixation at the lower border of the abdominal flap. Results: No depressions or necroses were observed in the suprapubic region. Conclusion: We observed that the presence of a dermofat flap in the central portion of the suture line in the classic abdominoplasties associated with the complete reconstruction of the surgical planes and the fixation of this flap in the upper abdominal flap avoids the occurrence of depressions in this region, prevents occurrence of necrosis, and improves the quality of the scar by reducing the tensile stress on the tissues.

Reconstrução de mama com miniabdominoplastia reversa / Breast reconstruction with reverse mini abdominoplasty

Introdução: A mastectomia é muito traumática para a mulher, sendo a reconstrução mamária um procedimento essencial para melhorar o bem-estar psicossocial e a qualidade de vida destas pacientes. A maioria dos cirurgiões plásticos não realiza reconstrução mamária. Sua prática requer um treinamento avançado com longa curva de aprendizado. A reconstrução mamária, utilizando o retalho excedente da abdominoplastia reversa, pode ser uma opção prática e de muita aplicabilidade em pacientes cuidadosamente selecionadas. Métodos: No período de agosto de 2014 a junho de 2016, doze pacientes foram submetidas à reconstrução mamária, com a técnica de miniabdominoplastia reversa. A simetrização foi realizada em seis pacientes que fizeram reconstrução unilateral, sendo um caso reconstruído bilateralmente. Em sete pacientes, os implantes foram colocados em plano supra muscular, e em cinco, em posição sub submuscular. Resultados: Uma paciente apresentou seroma, uma outra teve epiteliólise, um caso de necrose parcial da pele do retalho superficial, todos com evolução favorável. Somente uma paciente teve extrusão do implante. Conclusão: A reconstrução mamária com retalho excedente de miniabdominoplastia reversa associada à colocação de implante demonstrou ser uma boa opção de reconstrução mamária para casos selecionados, com baixa taxa de complicações. Pacientes com flacidez e lipodistrofia no abdome superior são as candidatas ideais para utilização da técnica.

Introduction: Mastectomy is very traumatic for women, and breast reconstruction is an essential procedure to improve their psychosocial well-being and quality of life. Most plastic surgeons do not perform breast reconstruction. This practice requires advanced training with a long learning curve. Breast reconstruction using excess flaps in reverse abdominoplasty can be a practical option and of great applicability in carefully selected patients. Methods: From August 2014 to June 2016, 12 patients underwent breast reconstruction using the reverse mini abdominoplasty technique. Symmetrization was performed in six patients who underwent unilateral reconstruction, with one case reconstructed bilaterally. The implants were placed in the supra-muscular plane and in a submuscular position in seven and five patients, respectively. Results: There was one case each of seroma, epitheliolysis, and partial superficial necrosis of the superficial flap, all with favorable evolution. Only one patient underwent implant extrusion. Conclusion: Breast reconstruction using excess flaps in reverse mini abdominoplasty associated with implant placement is a good option for breast reconstruction in selected patients with a low complication rate. Patients with flaccidity and lipodystrophy in the upper abdomen are the ideal candidates for the use of this technique.

Uso de doble colgajo diep para reconstrucción de extremidad inferior / Double diep flap for lower extremities reconstruction

Introduction: A soft tissue defect considering the extent, location, depth and involved structures can be a complex task, leading to search for unusual reconstructive alternatives. Case report: Puerperal woman, 21 years, previously healthy, admitted for septic shock and skin necrosis of both extremities secondary to purpura fulminans. Escharectomy was performed and the final defect was 27 percent of total body surface, corresponding to necrotic areas of both superior and lower extremities. Is remarkable the presence of musculocutaneous perforating vessels thrombosis and segmental muscular necrosis in legs and interosseous muscles necrosis in hands. In upper extremity coverage was performed with dermoepidermal grafts. To cover peroneal malleolus and feet dorsum, whereas there were no regional or local alternatives, we realize a double DIEP flap. Flap elevation of bilateral DIEP flap was performed simultaneously for two surgical teams. The patient had no complications and was discharged with complete soft tissue coverage.

Introducción: Un defecto de cobertura extenso de extremidades inferiores (EEII), considerando ubicación, profundidad y estructuras involucradas es de una alta complejidad y puede llevar a buscar alternativas reconstructivas poco habituales. Caso Clínico: Paciente de 21 años, puérpera, ingresa por shock séptico y necrosis cutánea extensa de extremidades secundario a un purpura fulminans. Se realiza escarectomía y el defecto resultante es de 27 por ciento de superficie corporal, correspondiendo a zonas necróticas en ambas extremidades, superiores e inferiores. Destaca la presencia de trombosis de vasos perforantes musculocutáneos, necrosis muscular segmentaria en piernas y de musculatura interósea en manos. En extremidades superiores se realizó cobertura con injertos dermoepidérmicos. Para la exposición de ambos maléolos peroneos y dorso de pies, considerando que no existen alternativas locales ni regionales, se decide realizar un colgajo DIEP bilateral; se eleva en un tiempo, con dos equipos quirúrgicos simultáneos. La anastomosis microquirúrgica se realizó a los vasos tibiales de cada extremidad. La evolución postoperatoria fue favorable. La paciente es dada de alta en buenas condiciones generales, extubada, con cobertura cutánea completa.

Influência das complicações pós-operatórias no insucesso da reconstrução de mama imediata com implante de silicone / Influence of postoperative complications on the failure of immediate breast reconstruction with silicone implants

Introdução: A reconstrução da mama imediata pós-mastectomia, com implante de silicone é um método simples, porém, pode evoluir com complicações e remoção do implante. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar as complicações pós-operatórias e buscar relação entre estas e a remoção do implante. Método: No período de 4 anos, foram estudados retrospectivamente 323 casos de reconstrução de mama imediata com implante de silicone após mastectomia total realizados no Institut Gustave-Roussy, França. Resultados: A complicação mais frequente foi a linfocele (34,9%), seguida da necrose cutânea com 22,9%, da infecção com 19,3% e do hematoma, com 13,3% dos casos. A remoção do implante foi mais frequente quando ocorreu algum tipo de complicação cirúrgica e maior quando ocorreu mais de um tipo de complicação. A complicação mais frequente nos casos de remoção do implante foi a infecção (75,0%). O expansor foi o implante que mais teve relação com remoção do implante. O uso de implantes de volume acima de 300 ml teve significativamente mais risco de remoção do implante. Conclusões: 1) A presença de complicação pós-operatória foi fator de risco para a remoção do implante. 2) O risco de remoção foi maior na presença de mais de um tipo de complicação 3) A infecção foi o principal tipo de complicação que se relacionou com a remoção 4) O expansor apresentou maior risco de complicações e de remoção do implante. 5) A utilização de implantes de volume maior do que 300 ml apresentou maior risco de remoção.

Introduction: Immediate breast reconstruction with silicone implants following mastectomy is a simple method, but can develop complications culminating in implant removal. The aim of this study was to analyze postoperative complications and evaluate their correlation with implant removal. Method: In a period of 4 years, 323 cases of immediate breast reconstruction with silicone implants following total mastectomy were retrospectively studied in the Institut Gustave-Roussy, France. Results: The most frequent complication was lymphocele (34.9%), followed by cutaneous necrosis (22.9%), infection (19.3%), and hematoma (13.3%). Implant removal was more frequent when a surgical complication occurred, and even more frequent when there was more than one type of complication. The most frequent complication leading to implant removal was infection (75.0%). The expander was the implant that had the highest correlation with implant removal. The use of implants with a volume greater than 300 ml was associated with a significantly higher risk of implant removal. Conclusions: 1) The presence of postoperative complications was a risk factor for implant removal. 2) The risk of removal was higher when more than one complication was present. 3) Infection was the main type of complication associated with implant removal. 4) The expander presented a higher risk of complications and implant removal. 5) The use of implants with a volume greater than 300 ml had a greater risk of need for removal.

Necrose facial após enxerto de gordura e tratamento com oxigenioterapia hiperbárica / Facial necrosis after fat grafting and treatment with hyperbaric oxygen therapy

A lipoenxertia de face, apesar de consagrada, não é isenta de riscos e complicações. Neste relato de caso, descrevemos de forma inédita uma complicação isquêmica local, causada por enxerto de gordura. Simultaneamente, propomos a terapêutica com Oxigenioterapia Hiperbárica para o tratamento desta situação, não se limitando exclusivamente à gordura, mas principalmente ao PMMA, em que esta complicação é muito mais frequente.

Facial fat grafting is not devoid of risks and complications, despite being a widely practiced procedure. In this case report, we describe a novel form of local ischemic complication that occurred secondary to fat grafting. Simultaneously, we propose Hyperbaric Oxygen therapy for the treatment of this situation. We propose that Hyperbaric Oxygen therapy should not be limited solely to fat graft-related ischemia, but should be effective in the management of the more frequently encountered complications associated with polymethylmethacrylate fillers.

Reconstrução do complexo areolomamilar da mama queimada com retalho trilobado autonomizado / Reconstruction of a burned nipple-areola complex using an autonomized star flap

Introdução: A reconstrução do complexo areolomamilar é a fase final da reconstrução mamária. As técnicas de reconstrução do mamilo mais utilizadas são com retalhos locais ou enxertos. A utilização destas técnicas em mamas que sofreram queimaduras apresenta resultados indesejados, em decorrência da menor vascularização da pele lesada. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a utilização do retalho trilobado autonomizado na reconstrução do mamilo em mamas queimadas. Métodos: Oito pacientes do sexo feminino tiveram seus mamilos reconstruídas em dois tempos cirúrgicos. Resultados: Não ocorreram complicações, como necrose, deiscência, perda completa da projeção do novo mamilo ou infecção. A projeção média ao término da cirurgia foi de 15,25 mm e, após seis meses de reconstrução, foi de 3 mm, permanecendo estável. Todas as pacientes ficaram satisfeitas com os resultados. Conclusão: Concluímos que a autonomização deu segurança à reconstrução do mamilo em mamas queimadas e manteve projeção mínima satisfatória do mamilo reconstruído.

Introduction: Reconstruction of the nipple-areola complex is the final stage of breast reconstruction. The most common nipple reconstruction techniques use local flaps or grafts. However, these techniques in cases of burns produce undesirable outcomes due to the decreased vascularization of damaged skin. The objective of this work was to evaluate the use of the autonomized star flap in the nipple reconstruction of burned breasts. Methods: Nipples were reconstructed in eight female patients in two surgeries each. Results: There were no complications such as necrosis, dehiscence, complete loss of projection of the new nipple, or infection. The mean projection at the end of surgery was 15.25 mm; 6 months after reconstruction, it was 3 mm, showing stability. All patients were satisfied with their results. Conclusion: We conclude that autonomization leads to safe reconstruction of the nipple on burned breasts and maintains a satisfactory minimal projection of the reconstructed nipple.

Necrosis de injerto de tejido conectivo subepitelial asociado a incompetencia labial: reporte de un caso clínico / Necrosis of a subepitelial connective tissue graft associated with lip incompetence: case report

Se describe el reporte del caso de una paciente sana con incompetencia labial portadora de un implante dental en la zona de 1.2, a la cual se le realizó un injerto de tejido conectivo utilizando la técnica del «sobre¼ para mejorar un leve defecto estético existente. El injerto sufrió una necrosis, posiblemente debido a la condición de deshidratación a la que están sometidos los tejidos en estos pacientes que presentan incompetencia labial y respiración bucal. Se describe la resolución quirúrgica del caso mediante una segunda cirugía de injerto de tejido conectivo, y se entrega el manejo clínico para evitar la aparición de esta complicación.

We describe a case report of a patient with lip incompetence and a healthy carrier of a dental implant in the tooth 1.2, which was performed using a connective tissue graft technique for improving an existing slight cosmetic defect. The graft necrosis was possibly due to the dehydration that the tissues are subjected to in these patients with mouth breathing and labial incompetence. The surgical resolution of the case by a second connective tissue graft, and its clinical management to prevent the occurrence of this complication is presented.

Therapeutic alternatives for the treatment of infected pancreatic necrosis: an overview / Alternativas terapéuticas para el tratamiento de la necrosis pancreática infecciosa: una visión general

Despite diagnostic and therapeutic advances, the treatment of infected pancreatic necrosis (IPN) continues to be a complex problem to solve. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of different surgical alternatives for the treatment of IPN. Articles published between 2000 to 2013, and related to effectiveness of open surgery (OS) and minimally invasive treatmente (MIT) in patients with IPN were evaluated. PubMed, MEDLINE, The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Central Register RCT, DARE, IBECS, SciELO, LILACS, PAHO, WHOLIS, ASERNIP-S, NIHR, HTA, Clinical Excellence, York Health Economic Consortium and Tripdatabase were reviewed, searching systematic reviews (SR), randomized clinical trials (RCT) and observational studies (OST), in which the effectiveness of OS and MIT was evaluated in relation to the variables mortality, intra-abdominal bleeding, development of enterocutaneous fistula or hollow viscera perforation, development of pancreatic fistula, reoperations for complications, reoperations for new necrosectomy, development of diabetes mellitus and pancreatic enzyme requirements. Three hundred eighty-nine articles were retrieved, 10 of which met the selection criteria (2 SR, 1 RCT and 7 OST). The studies have a level of evidence of 2a, 2b, 3a and 4. MIT are associated with better results than OS in all variables analyzed, but significantly only in the development of diabetes mellitus and pancreatic enzyme requirement. Articles found are few and heterogeneous, making meaningful conclusions difficult. Studies with a better level of evidence, methodological quality and population size are needed to make conclusions and recommendations.

A pesar de los avances diagnósticos y terapéuticos, el tratamiento de la necrosis pancreática infecciosa (NPI) sigue siendo un problema complejo de resolver. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar la eficacia de las diferentes alternativas quirúrgicas para el tratamiento del NPI. Fueron evaluados artículos publicados entre 2000 y 2013, relacionados con la efectividad de la cirugía abierta (CA) y el tratamiento mínimamente invasivo (TMI) en pacientes diagnosticados con NPI. Se PubMed, MEDLINE, The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Central Register RCT, DARE, IBECS, SciELO, LILACS, PAHO, WHOLIS, ASERNIP-S, NIHR, HTA, Clinical Excellence, York Health Economic Consortium y Tripdatabase, en búsqueda de revisiones sistemáticas (RS), ensayos clínicos aleatorios (ECA) y estudios observacionales (EO). En estos estudios se evaluó la eficacia de la cirugía y el TMI en relación con diferentes variables, como la mortalidad, el sangrado intra-abdominal, el desarrollo de fístula enterocutánea o la perforación de víscera hueca, el desarrollo de fístula pancreática, reintervenciones por complicaciones, reintervenciones por necrosectomía, el desarrollo de diabetes mellitus y la necesidad de enzimas pancreáticas. Se consiguieron 389 artículos, de los cuales 10 cumplieron con los criterios de selección (2 RS, 1 ECA y 7 EO). Los estudios presentaron un nivel de evidencia de 2a, 2b, 3a y 4. El TMI se asocia con mejores resultados que la CA en todas las variables analizadas, pero en forma significativa sólo en el desarrollo de la diabetes mellitus y la necesidad de enzimas pancreáticas. Los artículos encontrados son pocos y heterogéneos, lo que hace difícil poder alcanzar conclusiones significativas. Se necesitan estudios con un mejor nivel de evidencia, calidad metodológica y tamaño de población estudiada para poder establecer conclusiones y recomendaciones.

Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Transluminal Drainage for Peripancreatic Fluid Collections: Where Are We Now?

Endoscopic drainage for pancreatic and peripancreatic fluid collections (PFCs) has been increasingly used as a minimally invasive alternative to surgical or percutaneous drainage. Recently, endoscopic ultrasound-guided transluminal drainage (EUS-TD) has become the standard of care and a safe procedure for nonsurgical PFC treatment. EUS-TD ensures a safe puncture, avoiding intervening blood vessels. Single or multiple plastic stents (combined with a nasocystic catheter) were used for the treatment of PFCs for EUS-TD. More recently, the use of covered self-expandable metallic stents (CSEMSs) has provided a safer and more efficient approach route for internal drainage. We focused our review on the best approach and stent to use in endoscopic drainage for PFCs. We reviewed studies of EUS-TD for PFCs based on the original Atlanta Classification, including case reports, case series, and previous review articles. Data on clinical outcomes and adverse events were collected retrospectively. A total of 93 patients underwent EUS-TD of pancreatic pseudocysts using CSEMSs. The treatment success and adverse event rates were 94.6% and 21.1%, respectively. The majority of complications were of mild severity and resolved with conservative therapy. A total of 56 patients underwent EUS-TD using CSEMSs for pancreatic abscesses or infected walled-off necroses. The treatment success and adverse event rates were 87.8% and 9.5%, respectively. EUS-TD can be performed safely and efficiently for PFC treatment. Larger diameter CSEMSs without additional fistula tract dilation for the passage of a standard scope are needed to access and drain for PFCs with solid debris.

Osteomielitis por providencia rettgeri / Osteomyelitis providencia rettge

Se presenta el caso de un paciente con osteomielitis por Providencia rettgeri. Recibía warfarina, por trombosis venosa profunda de miembro inferior izq.; durante su evolución antes de ingresar al Hospital General del Oeste, Caracas, Venezuela, presentó una infección secundaria a la avulsión de la uña, con varias hospitalizaciones en otros centros de salud. Hubo un antecedente no comprobado de diabetes mellitus. Se analiza el caso y se revisa la literatura en la que no se encontró descripción con compromiso de partes blandas en la literatura nacional o latinoamericana.

A case of osteomyelitis due to Providence rettgeris presented by in a patient who was receiving warfarin for a deep vein thrombosis of the left lower limb. He also presented asoft tissue infection secondary to nail avulsion and was hospitalized several times berfore being admitted to the Hospital General del Oeste, Caracas, Venezuela. There was a history of possible diabetes mellitus which was not proven. We reviewed the nationaland Latin American literature analyzed, but description of P. rettgeri was found with soft tissue involvement in reviewed literature.

Alternativas de manejo de colecciones en pancreatitis aguda / Alternatives in the treatment of collections in acute pancreatitis

Acute pancreatitis is a disease that presents heterogeneously with varying severity depending on pancreatic parenchyma and peripancreatic fat. The aim of this publication is to present the nomenclature in use in the different collections that develop in the evolution of acute pancreatitis, and management options of these collections, focusing on the management of infected pancreatic necrosis; emphasizing the benefits, results and limitations of each technique and describing some techniques under development.

La pancreatitis aguda es una enfermedad que se presenta en forma heterogénea con distinta gravedad según el compromiso del parénquima pancreático y de la grasa peripancreática. El objetivo de esta publicación es dar a conocer la nomenclatura en uso en las distintas colecciones que se manifiestan en la evolución de la pancreatitis aguda y las opciones de manejo de estas colecciones, enfocándose en el manejo de la necrosis pancreática infectada; enfatizando las ventajas, resultados y limitaciones de cada técnica, además de describir algunas técnicas en desarrollo.

Umbilical scar autonomization: a safe technique for secondary abdominoplasties / Autonomização da cicatriz umbilical: técnica segura para abdominoplastias secundárias

BACKGROUND: In lipominiabdominoplasty and mid-abdominoplasty procedures, the umbilicus is usually undermined from its aponeurotic fixation; this modifies its normal vascular pattern. In patients undergoing these procedures and candidates for a secondary classic abdominoplasty, trophic changes, including necrosis, may occur in the umbilical scar. To avoid trophic complications in the neo-umbilicus, autonomization of the umbilical scar was carried out. METHODS: Three candidates for a secondary classic abdominoplasty underwent the umbilicus autonomization process in the private clinic of the corresponding author. One incision, 1 cm from the umbilical scar, was performed from the skin to the aponeurotic plane on each side, with an interval of 15 days between the two surgical incisions. After the second incision, the patient waited for a further 15 days. Thus, the whole process took 30 days before classic abdominoplasty was performed. RESULTS: No trophic alterations or necrosis in the umbilical scar were observed in these cases. CONCLUSIONS: The aesthetic results were satisfactory, indicating the effectiveness of this method.

INTRODUÇÃO: Nos procedimentos de lipominiabdominoplastia e midiabdominoplastia, usualmente, o umbigo é destacado de sua fixação aponeurótica, o que modifica o padrão vascular do umbigo. Em pacientes submetidos a esses procedimentos e candidatos a abdominoplastia clássica secundária, podem ocorrer alterações tróficas da cicatriz umbilical e, até mesmo, necroses. Utilizou-se a manobra de autonomização da cicatriz umbilical para evitar complicações tróficas do neoumbigo. MÉTODO: Foram submetidas ao processo de autonomização da cicatriz umbilical 3 pacientes candidatas a abdominoplastia clássica secundária, na clínica privada do autor principal. A técnica compreende uma incisão a 1 cm da cicatriz umbilical, desde a pele até o plano aponeurótico, de cada lado, com intervalo de 15 dias entre cada etapa, no total de dois tempos cirúrgicos. O processo como um todo leva 30 dias, antes da abdominoplastia clássica. RESULTADOS: Não foram observadas alterações tróficas ou necroses da cicatriz umbilical nos casos submetidos ao processo de autonomização. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados estéticos foram satisfatórios, o que atestou a efetividade do método.

Necrosectomía laparoscópica en pancreatitis aguda / Laparoscopic necrosectomy in severe pancreatitis: retrospective analysis of 11 patients

Background: Laparoscopic surgery can be used in the treatment of severe acute pancreatitis. Aim: To report the experience with laparoscopic necrosectomy and abscess drainage in severe acute pancreatitis. Material and Methods: Retrospective analysis of medical records of 11 patients aged 13 to 78 years (10 males), with severe pancreatitis, subjected to laparoscopic necrosectomy or abscess drainage between 2006 and 2009. Results: Operative time ranged from 110 to 205 min. In all cases, a satisfactory necrosectomy and collection drainage were performed. No complications were recorded and no patient required to be converted to open surgery. Five patients were reoperated. In three of these, the laparoscopic approach was used again. Conclusions: Laparoscopic necrosectomy is safe and useful for patients with severe pancreatitis.

Introducción: La pancreatitis aguda grave, asociada a necrosis pancreática infectada, tiene una elevada mortalidad. En la mayoría de los casos, el tratamiento es quirúrgico, sin embargo, este se asocia a una alta morbilidad. El desarrollo de la cirugía mínimamente invasiva ha permitido incorporar la técnica laparoscópica al tratamiento de esta enfermedad. Objetivo: Presentar nuestra experiencia en necrosectomía y drenaje de abscesos por vía laparoscópica en pacientes con pancreatitis aguda grave. Pacientes y Métodos: Análisis retrospectivo de todos los pacientes con diagnóstico de pancreatitis aguda grave con necrosis infectada y/o abscesos sometidos a necrosectomía y drenaje de abscesos por vía laparoscópica. Se describen los datos demográficos, etiología de la pancreatitis aguda, imágenes pre y post-operatorias, así como los detalles de cada cirugía, la indicación quirúrgica, complicaciones, necesidad de re-operaciones y evolución tardía. Resultados: La serie está compuesta por 11 pacientes, todos con diagnóstico de pancreatitis aguda grave, operados entre abril de 2006 y junio de 2009. El tiempo operatorio promedio fue 138 min (110-205 min). En todos los casos, se realizó una necrosectomía satisfactoria y drenaje de colecciones. No hubo complicaciones derivadas de la técnica laparoscópica ni conversión a cirugía abierta en ningún paciente durante la primera cirugía. Cinco pacientes fueron re-operados, 3 de ellos por vía laparoscópica. Conclusiones: La necrosectomía laparoscópica es una alternativa válida y disponible en nuestro centro, con resultados comparables y probablemente superiores a la cirugía abierta, y con resultados satisfactorios en cuanto a morbilidad, protección de la pared abdominal y mortalidad postoperatoria.

Comparação entre abdominoplastia convencional e lipoabdominoplastia / Asdominoplasty versus lipoabdominoplasty

Introdução: Desde sua primeira publicação em 2001 por Saldanha, a técnica de lipoabdominoplastia possibilitou a associação das técnicas de lipoaspiração e abdominoplastia com indicação ampla.Objetivo: Comparar a técnica de abdominoplastia clássica e lipoabdominoplastia. Método: Foram comparados, quanto a complicações cirúrgicas, duas séries de casos ( 10 pacientes cada grupo ) operados pela técnica de abdominoplastia clássica e lipoabdominoplastia. Resultados: No grupo da abdominoplastia clássica observou-se 2 casos de seroma e um caso de necrose da porção distal do retalho, e no grupo da lipoabdominoplastia, 2 casos de seroma. Conclusão: Não foi observado maior número de complicações cirúrgicas na lipoabdominoplastia comvencional se comparado com a abdominoplastia clássica.

Background: Since its first publication in 2001 by Saldanha, the technique of lipoabdominoplasty enabled the association of the techniques of liposuction and abdominoplasty with wide surgical indication. Objective: To compare the techniques of classical abdominoplasty winth lipoabdominoplastia. Methods: We compared, for surgical complications, two sets of cases (10 patients each group) operated by the classical abdominoplasty and lipoabdominoplasty. Results: In the classic abdominoplasty group was observed 2 cases of seroma and one case of necrosis of the distal portion of the flap, and, in the lipoabdominoplastia group, 2 cases of seroma. Conclusion: There was no greater number of surgical complications in lipoabdominoplasty compared to the classic abdominoplasty.

Reconstrução de nariz após necrose por injeção de polimetilmetacrilato na face - relato de dois casos / Nose reconstruction after necrosis for injection of polimetilmetacrilate in the face - report of two cases

Introdução: além das causas mais freqüentes de perdasnasais-traumaecâncer-observamososurgimento de novas situações geradoras de mutilação do nariz, requerendo adaptações à abordagem do problema. Objetivo: apresentar dois casos de reconstrução nasal após injeção de polimetilmetacrilato para preenchimento estético na face. Método: Duas pacientes submetidas à reconstrução nasal por necrose conseqüente à injeção de polimetilmetacrilato. Resultados: visibilizados nas figuras 4, 5 e 6. Discussão: o polimetilmetacrilato é uma das substâncias utilizadas na bioplastia. A necrose conseqüente à injeção do polimetilmetacrilato para fins estéticos é uma nova entidade clínica, cuja incidência é desconhecida e a fisiopatologia sujeita à discussão. Modificações na rotina de reconstrução foram necessárias em virtude das condições locais. Retalhos septais, melhor escolha para a reparação do forro, foram contraindicados por comprometimento vascular. Utilizaram-se retalhos de pele previamente enxertada, associados a enxertos de cartilagem auricular e rotação de retalho frontal paramediano, procurando-seres peitar o princípio das subunidades anatômicas. Conclusão:a necrosedesegmentos da face após a injeção de polimetilmetecrilato é uma nova entidade clínica, cuja incidência é desconhecida, acrescentando nova etiologia às perdas nasais. Os fundamentos da reconstrução de nariz devem ser aplicados,buscando-se soluções individuais que adaptem- se às peculiaridades de cada situação.

Introduction: Inaddiction to the most frequentcauses of nasal tissue lost- cancer and trauma- new situations generating the mutilation ofthen osehavearrived, requiring adaptations to the problem-solving approach. Objective:To report two cases of nasal reconstruction after polimetilmetacrilate injection for aesthetic purposes on the face. Methods: Two female patients underwent nasal reconstruction after necrosis caused by injection of polimetilmetacrilate.Discussion:Polimetilmetacrilatehave been used as a substance for inclusion. The necrosis caused by the injection of polimetilmetacrilate is a new clinical entity, with unknown incidence and ongoing discussion of its phisiopathology. Changes in the routine of the nasal reconstruction were necessary due to local conditions. Septal flaps, the first choice for lining repair, were discarted because of previous vascular damage. Cutaneous flaps made of previously grafted skin were utilized in association with cartilage grafts and rotation of a paramedian frontal flap, following anatomical subunits principles. Conclusion: The necrosis of facial segments after injection of polimetilmetacrilate is a new clinical entity, with unknown incidence, that can be added as a new etiology of nasal tissue lost. The fundaments of nasal reconstruction should be applied, looking for individual solutions wich adapt to the peculiarities of each situation.